The following examples
are based on: MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 4th
ed. New York: Modern Language Association, 1994.
This is a guide
to types of entries that are frequently cited in papers. If you do not
see the one you need, do not guess -- look it up.
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Author’s Name: Reverse the author’s name (as it appears on the title page) for alphabetizing, adding a comma after the last name. Put a period after the complete last name.
Title: State the full title, including any subtitle. Place a period after the entire title. Underline or italicize the entire title (except the period that follows the title).
Publication Information: City of publication, publisher’s name,
and year of publication. Use what is on the title page or copyright page.
If more than one publisher or city is listed, use the first one. If more
than one date is listed, use the latest one.) Use a colon (:) between the
place of publication and the publisher, a comma (,) between the publisher
and the date, and a period after the date.
Book – No Named Author:
Title of the Book. Publication information.
Handbook of Pre-Columbian Art. New York: Johnson, 1988.
Book – Single Author:
Author’s Name. Title of the Book. Publication information.
Baker, Russell P. Growing Up. New York: Signet, 1982.
Book – more than one author:
Give names in same order as on the title page. Reverse only the
name of the first author, add a comma, and give the other name or names
in normal form.
Meyer, Susan E. and Martim Avillez. How to Draw in Pen and Ink. New York: Collier-Macmillan, 1985.
Book with editor or compiler:
Editor, ed. Or Compiler, comp. Title of Book. Publication
information.
Sevillano, Mando, comp. The Hopi Way: Tales from a Vanishing Culture.
Flagstaff: Northland, 1986.
Online Book
Bird, Isabella L. A Lady's Life in the Rocky Mountains.
New York, 1881. Victorian Women Writers Project. Ed. Perry
Willett. 27 May 1999. Indiana U. 4 Oct. 1999 < http://www.indiana.edu/~letrs/vwwp/
bird/rocky.html>.
Textbook: Treat a textbook as you would a book.
Johnson, George B. Biology: Visualizing Life. Orlando: Holt, 1994.
An Introduction, a Preface, a Forward or an Afterword:
Name of the author of the part. Name of the part (Preface, Forward,
etc.). The title of the book. The Author of the work (in
normal order). Publication information.
Doctorow, E. L. Introduction. Sister Carrie. By Theodore Dreiser. New York: Bantam, 1982. v-xi.
Elliott, Emory. Afterword. The Jungle. By Upton Sinclair. New York: Signet, 1990. 342-50.
A Pamphlet: Treat a pamphlet as you would a book
Best Museums: New York City. New York: Trip Builder, 1993.
Interview Conducted by Researcher:
Name of Person Interviewed. Type of interview (personal or telephone).
Date of interview.
Willis, Bruce. Telephone interview. 10 Dec. 1997.
Letter Received by Researcher:
Author of Letter. Letter to the author. Date of letter or Date
received.
Willis, Bruce. Letter to Debbie Easler. 15 Jan. 1998.
A Complete Anthology or Compilation:
Use if you are citing the entire volume. If you only use a part
or an article of the book, use the format for a single work from an anthology.
Gaffke, Carol T., and Margaret Haerens, ed. Poetry Criticism Vol. 17. Detroit: Gale, 1997.
A Single Work From an Anthology:
Add the following to the basic book entry: Author, Title of the
part or article." Title of the Whole. Vol #. Editor of the
Whole. Place of Publication: Publisher, date.
Page number(s).
Bamborough, J.B. "Conversations." Poetry Criticism. Vol. 17. Ed. Carol T. Gaffke and Margaret
Haerens. Detroit: Gale, 1997. 177-178.
Encyclopedia Article (check the end of the article for the author’s name):
Author (if signed). "Article Title." Encyclopedia Title. Year.
Jaenen, Cornelius J. "North West Company." World Book Encyclopedia. 1994 ed.
Government Publication:
If no author is listed, use the government agency that issued it:
Name of the government. Name of the agency. Title.
Publication information.
United States. Environmental Protection Agency. The Inside Story: A
Guide to Indoor Air Quality. Washington:
GPO, 1998.
Magazine Article:
Author’s name. "Title of the article." Name of the Periodical,
Date: page number(s).
Krantz, Michael. "Steve’s Two Jobs." Time 18 Oct. 1999: 62-68.
Newspaper Article:
Author. "Title of article." Name of Periodical Date: Page
numbers.
Click, Carolyn. "Parents Urged to get Involved." The State [Columbia] 11 Dec. 1998: A1+.
Newspaper Editorial:
"Title of Article." Editorial. Name of the Newspaper Date: Page
number(s).
"Building a Better School." Editorial. The Greenville News 17 July 1999: D15.
A Letter to the Editor:
To identify a letter to the editor, add the descriptive label Letter
after the name of the author, but do not underline or italicize the word
or place it in quotation marks.
Safer, Morley. Letter. New York Times 31 Oct. 1993, late ed., sec. 2: 4.
Film or Video Recording:
The Title. Director or Producer. Distributor, Year.
Rebel Without a Cause. Dir. Nicholas Ray. Warner, 1955.
Television or Radio Program:
"Title of the episode or segment." Title of the program. Name
of the network., Call letters and city of the local station (if any).
Broadcast date.
"Pollution in the desert." Sixty Minutes. CBS. WOLO, Columbia, S.C. 6 Mar. 1994.
Musical or Sound Recording:
Performer. "Title of the piece." Title of the recording.
The manufacturer, The year of issue.
Note: if you are not using a compact disc, indicate the medium, neither underline nor enclosed in quotation marks, before the manufacturer’s name: Audiocassette, LP (long playing record).
Compact Disc:
Churchill, Winston. "First
Radio Address." Great Speeches of the 20th Century. Vol.
2. Rhino Records,
1991.
Audiocassette:
Woods, Carmine. Teenage
Conversations. Audiocassette. MCA Records, 1996.
A Map or a Chart:
Treat a map or a chart like an anonymous book, but add the appropriate
descriptive label (Map, Chart).
Washington, D.C. Map. Chicago: Rand, 1998.
The First Aid Card. Chart. New York: Papertech, 1990.
A Cartoon:
Cartoonist’s name. "Title of the Cartoon (if any)." Cartoon. Publication
information.
Trudeau, Garry. "Doonsbury." Cartoon. Star-Ledger [Newark] 3 Jan. 1994: 24.
A Photograph or Illustration from a book or other print
source:
Artist’s name (if known). Title or description of piece.
Descriptive label (Photograph, Illustration). Page number
in Title of Source. By Author (in normal
order). Publication Information.
Tyra Banks. Photograph. Page 67 in Tyra’s Beauty: Inside &
Out. By Tyra Banks with Vanessa Thomas Bush. New
York: HarperPerennial, 1998.
Publication on CD-ROM or Disk (Computer Program)
Author. "Title." Database Title. Publication Medium. Edition
or Version. Place of Publication: Publisher,
Electronic Publication Date.
US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
Coastal Services Center. CRS- New
Technologies for Coastal Mapping. CD-ROM. Charleston,
SC: US Department of Commerce, NOAA, CSC. 1998.
SCOIS
Networked Version
"Civil Engineer." SCOIS. CD-ROM.
2002 network version. Columbia, SC: SCOIS, 2002.
Web Version ["Title." Source. Date of Access.
Name of Online Service or Network.
"Civil Engineer." SCOIS.NET. January 7,
2001. Coin Career Community.
Author's Name. (if given) "Title of Page." Name of Database or Project. Date of posting or update. Date you last visited the site <Electronic address or URL>.
It is necessary to list the date you last visited the site (date of access) because web postings are often updated, and information available at one date may no longer be available later. Be sure to include the complete address for the site. Also, note the use of angled brackets around the electronic address.
Web Page
Author(s). Name of Page. Date of Posting/Revision.
Date of Access <electronic address>.
Vogt, Richard G, Dr. Richard B. Dominick Moth & Butterfly
Collection. 11 Feb. 1999. 21 Sept. 1999
<http://zebra.biol.sc.edu/moth.html>.
Article in an Online Magazine That Has a Print Version
Author(s). "Title of Article." Title of Journal Volume.
Issue (Year). Date of Access <electronic address>.
Portner, Jessica. "Uniforms Get Credit for Decrease in Discipline Problems." Education Week. 14 Feb. 1996. 21 Sept. 1999 <http://www.edweek.org/ew/ ol-15/21long.h15>.
Posting to a Discussion List:
Author. "Title of Posting." Online posting. Date when material
was posted (for example: 14 Mar. 1998). Name of listserv. Date of
access <electronic address>.
Lin, Michael. "Compressing Online Graphics." Online posting.
27 Apr. 1999. MacWeb. 21 Sept. 1999
<http://www.graphica.com/digitizing/intro.html>.
E-mail:
Author. "Title of the message (if any)." E-mail to the author.
Date of the message.
Baxter, Margit. "Re: Overdue Library Books." E-mail to Debbie
Easler. 21 Sept. 1999. Article in a Reference Database:
Author(s). "Title of Article." Database Product Name. Date of Access
<electronic address>.
Pasquier, Roger F. "Owl." Encyclopedia Americana Online. 21 Sept. 1999 <http://ea.grolier.com>.
Article from Online Database (Including InfoTrac SearchBank,
SIRS Knowledge):
Author. "Article Title." Magazine Name Date: page(s). Database
Product Name. Date of access <electronic address>.
Nash, Madeline J. "The Case for Cloning." Time 9
Feb. 1998: 81. InfoTrac SearchBank: General Reference Center. 21
Sept. 1999 <http://www.searchbank.com/searchbank/
sc_pk_richland2>.
Dowling-Sendor, Benjamin. "A Matter of Disruption, Not Dress."
American School Board Journal Aug. 1998: 14+. SIRS
Knowledge Source. 21 Sept. 1999 <http://sks.sirs.com>.
Online Images:
Description or title of image. Online Image. Date of Access
<electronic address>.
Star01.gif. Online Image. 18 Oct. 1999 < http://www.iconbazaar.com/stars/>.
Online Sounds:
Description or title of sound. Online Sound. Date of Access
<electronic address>.
Aaah.wav. Online Sound. 18 Oct. 1999 < http://plato.acadiau.ca/sandbox/ppt/sounds/>.
Online Video Clips:
Description or title of video clip. Online Video Clip. Date
of Access <electronic address>.
T. Boone Pickens on if he were a baby again. Online
Video Clip. 18 Oct. 1999 *The content and format of this page was orginally
created by Mrs. Debbie Easler at Spring Valley High School .
<http://www.cob.ohio-state.edu/dept/fin/video/tbbaby.mv>.
It is used by permission. Permission granted
2/28/03. This page has been edited for Ridge View High School.